List of equations in classical mechanics

Nomenclature
a = acceleration (m/sĀ²)
g = gravitational field strength/acceleration in free-fall (m/sĀ²)
F = force (N = kg m/sĀ²)
Ek = kinetic energy (J = kg mĀ²/sĀ²)
Ep = potential energy (J = kg mĀ²/sĀ²)
m = mass (kg)
p = momentum (kg m/s)
s = displacement (m)
R = radius (m)
t = time (s)
v = velocity (m/s)
v0 = velocity at time t=0
W = work (J = kg mĀ²/sĀ²)
Ļ„ = torque (m N, not J) (torque is the rotational form of force)
s(t) = position at time t
s0 = position at time t=0
runit = unit vector pointing from the origin in polar coordinates
Īøunit = unit vector pointing in the direction of increasing values of theta in polar coordinates

Note: All quantities in bold represent vectors.

Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects.[1] It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known.[2] The subject is based upon a three-dimensional Euclidean space with fixed axes, called a frame of reference. The point of concurrency of the three axes is known as the origin of the particular space.[3]

Classical mechanics utilises many equationsā€”as well as other mathematical conceptsā€”which relate various physical quantities to one another. These include differential equations, manifolds, Lie groups, and ergodic theory.[4] This page gives a summary of the most important of these.

Contents

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Equations

Name of equationā†“ Equation Year derived[5]ā†“ Derived byā†“ Notes
Center of mass Discrete case:
\mathbf{s}_{\hbox{CM}} = {1 \over m_{\hbox{total}}} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} m_i \mathbf{s}_i

where n is the number of mass particles.

Continuous case:

\mathbf{s}_{\hbox{CM}} = {1 \over m_{\hbox{total}}} \int \rho(\mathbf{s}) dV

where Ļ(s) is the scalar mass density as a function of the position vector

1687 Isaac Newton

Velocity

\mathbf{v}_{\mbox{average}} = {\Delta \mathbf{d} \over \Delta t}
\mathbf{v} = {d\mathbf{s} \over dt}

average velocity = change in distance / change in time.

Acceleration

\mathbf{a}_{\mbox{average}} = \frac{\Delta\mathbf{v}}{\Delta t}
\mathbf{a} = \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} = \frac{d^2\mathbf{s}}{dt^2}
 |\mathbf{a}_c | = \omega^2 R = v^2 / R

(R = radius of the circle, Ļ‰ = v/R angular velocity)

Momentum

\mathbf{p} = m\mathbf{v}

Force

 \sum \mathbf{F} = \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt} = \frac{d(m\mathbf{v})}{dt}
 \sum \mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a} \quad\   (Constant Mass)

Impulse

 \mathbf{J} = \Delta \mathbf{p} = \int \mathbf{F} dt
 \mathbf{J} = \mathbf{F} \Delta t \quad\
  if F is constant

Moment of inertia

For a single axis of rotation: The moment of inertia for an object is the sum of the products of the mass element and the square of their distances from the axis of rotation:

I = \sum r_i^2 m_i =\int_M r^2 \mathrm{d} m = \iiint_V r^2 \rho(x,y,z) \mathrm{d} V

Angular momentum

 |L| = mvr \quad\   if v is perpendicular to r

Vector form:

 \mathbf{L} = \mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{p} = \mathbf{I}\, \omega

(Note: I can be treated like a vector if it is diagonalized first, but it is actually a 3Ɨ3 matrix - a tensor of rank-2)

r is the radius vector.

Torque

 \sum \boldsymbol{\tau} = \frac{d\mathbf{L}}{dt}
 \sum \boldsymbol{\tau} = \mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{F} \quad

if |r| and the sine of the angle between r and p remains constant.

 \sum \boldsymbol{\tau} = \mathbf{I} \boldsymbol{\alpha}

This one is very limited, more added later. Ī± = dĻ‰/dt

Precession

Omega is called the precession angular speed, and is defined:

 \boldsymbol{\Omega} = \frac{wr}{I\boldsymbol{\omega}}

(Note: w is the weight of the spinning flywheel)

Energy

for m as a constant:

 \Delta E_k = \int \mathbf{F}_{\mbox{net}} \cdot d\mathbf{s} = \int \mathbf{v} \cdot d\mathbf{p} = \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}\end{matrix} mv^2 - \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}\end{matrix} m{v_0}^2 \quad\
 \Delta E_p = mg\Delta h \quad\  \,\! in field of gravity

Central force motion

\frac{d^2}{d\theta^2}\left(\frac{1}{\mathbf{r}}\right) %2B \frac{1}{\mathbf{r}} = -\frac{\mu\mathbf{r}^2}{\mathbf{l}^2}\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r})

Equations of motion (constant acceleration)

These equations can be used only when acceleration is constant. If acceleration is not constant then calculus must be used.

v = v_0%2Bat \,
s = \frac {1} {2}(v_0%2Bv) t
s = v_0 t %2B \frac {1} {2} a t^2
v^2 = v_0^2 %2B 2 a s \,

These equations can be adapted for angular motion, where angular acceleration is constant:

 \omega _1 = \omega _0 %2B \alpha t \,
 \theta = \frac{1}{2}(\omega _0 %2B \omega _1)t
 \theta = \omega _0 t %2B \frac{1}{2} \alpha t^2
 \omega _1^2 = \omega _0^2 %2B 2\alpha\theta
 \theta = \omega _1 t - \frac{1}{2} \alpha t^2

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mayer, Sussman & Wisdom 2001, p. xiii
  2. ^ Berkshire & Kibble 2004, p. 1
  3. ^ Berkshire & Kibble 2004, p. 2
  4. ^ Arnold 1989, p. v
  5. ^ Note that this is the year the person(s) who derived it published their work, not the year that they originally discovered it.

References

External links